The Roman Number System

The Roman number system is based on seven letters, all of which are assigned with specific values. These seven letters, with their Hindu-Arabic number equivalents, are:

 I (1)       V (5)      X (10)      L (50)      C (100)      D (500)      M (1000)

There are a few rules in the Roman number system.

Rule 1: When a letter is repeated, its value is repeated.
Examples : I = 1, II = 2, III = 3          X = 10, XX = 20          CCC = 300

Rule 2: When a letter follows a letter of greater value, its value is added to the greater value.
Examples : VI = 6 (5+1)       XV = 15 (10+5)        LX = 60 (50+10)        DC = 600 (500+100)

To write 70 in roman numerals, we just need to add XX to L (10+10+50). So, 70 will therefore be written as LXX. To write 800, just add CCC to D (100+100+100+500). In this case, 800 is written as DCCC.

Rule 3: When a letter precedes a letter of greater values, its value is subtracted from the greater value.
Examples : IV = 4 (5-1)                       IX = 9 (10-1)                      XL = 40 (50-10)
                   XC = 90 (100-10)             CD = 400 (500-100)

The smaller value I is in front of V, means subtract 1 from 5 to get 4. In the same way, X is in front of the L reduces 50 by 10 to get 40. In like manner, X is in front of C means 100 less 10 and CD denotes 500 less 100.

Note: Generally, the symbols are not repeated more than three times to denote a number. To show the number 40, we would need to write XL (50-10) and not XXXX. (10+10+10+10). As for 4, it is usually written as IV (5-1) and not IIII (1+1+1+1).

Rule 4: A horizontal bar over a letter or letters indicates that the value given to the letter or letters is to be increased one thousand times.
Examples : MCD = 1,400 (1000+ 500-100).
____
MCD
= 1,400,000 (1,000 times of 1,400)

Summary

VII = 7          XI = 11          XIV = 14         XVIII = 18         XXII = 22      XXXVII = 37
XLI = 41       LXII = 62       CXIII = 113     CCX = 210      MCM = 1,900

__                              __                               ______    
XICCC = 11,300       CLXX = 150,020         MCMV = 1,905,000  

 __                         __
 M1,000,000       XCC = 10,200

Source : “Arithmetic Made Simple – Revised Edition” by A.P. Sperling and Samuel D. Levison. Revised by Robert R Belge, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Syracuse University. Published by Doubleday, a division of Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc.

Learn about using Colours

According to Diane DiResta, using the right colour in a presentation could make a greater impact in the delivery. This is because colour creates associations in the minds of the audience members. It adds drama, affects moods and changes perceptions and motivations.

DiResta suggested that we should consider the purpose of the presentation when choosing the background and graphic colours.

Red stimulates emotions. It works well for sales and marketing presentations. Red means passion, desire, competition, danger, stop, error, downturn. Bright red may be too intense for some people. Burgundy is an alternative. Red is the appropriate colour to show a loss. “The company is in the red.” Red is a good choice for persuading or moving people to action.

Green inspires involvement or interaction. It’s a good colour for training sessions or other presentations when you want people to participate. Green also means social, intelligent, open, growth, money, readiness, spring, new beginnings. A green arrow on a slide would signal an upturn or growth.

Gray communicates a lack of commitment or neutrality. A gray background would not be the best colour for persuasive presentations. Instead, gray is best used as a bridge between different segments. If your sales module is in red and your marketing segment contains green backgrounds, a gray slide between the two subtopics would work well.

Blue is a clam, conservative colour. It suggests trust, stability, loyalty, tradition. Many corporate logos are blue. Where red has a stimulating effect, blue lowers the listener’s blood pressure and heart rate. To increase your credibility, use blue.

Yellow is associated with cheerfulness and hope for the future. It also signifies restlessness and change, and it can create feelings of anxiety. Yellow is too bright and stimulating for a background colour. It reflects the most light and will produce a glare in the eyes of the audience. It’s best to use yellow in headings.

Purple has a mystical quality. It may represent fantasy or take on a childlike quality. Purple is not a good colour for business information because it may not be perceived as important. Purple backgrounds are better suited for fun, humorous, or light topics.

Brown is perceived as passive, searching for something solid. So it’s best not to use brown for business backgrounds. It will be seen as unstable and less credible than other colours.

Black signifies power and sophistication. Black absorbs all light, making objects appear closer to the eye. A red square on a black background will look larger than it will on a white background. If colour can stimulate emotion, black represents the absence of emotion. A black background is ideal for things that have happened or situations in which the audience has no choice but to accept the data. Unchanging financial data or information that is a done deal will work well on a black background. Black removes emotion.

Source: “Knockout Presentations – How to deliver your message with …..” by Diane DiResta. Published by Raffles, an imprint of SNP Editions Pte Ltd

Learn about The Geese Story

Found this article and think that it might be good to share it with you. This is the story of the geese where they work together to reach their destination. This is about Teamwork.

In the fall when you see geese heading south for the winter flying along in the “V” formation, you might be interested in knowing what science has discovered about why they fly that way. It has been learned that as each bird flaps its wings, it creates uplift for the bird immediately following. By flying in a “V” formation, the whole flock adds at least 71% greater flying range than if each bird flew on its own.
People who are part of a team and share a common direction get where they are going quicker and easier, because they are travelling on the trust of one another and lift each other up along the way.

Whenever a goose falls out of formation, it suddenly feels the drag and resistance of trying to go through it alone and quickly gets back into formation to take advantage of the power of the flock.
If we have as much sense as a goose, we will stay in formation and share information with those who are headed the same way that we are going.

When the lead goose gets tired, he rotates back in the wing and another goose takes over.
It pays to share leadership and take turns doing hard jobs.

The geese honk from behind to encourage those up front to keep their speed.
Words of support and inspiration help energize those on the front line, helping them to keep pace in spite of the day-to-day pressures and fatigue. It is important that our honking be encouraging. Otherwise it’s just – well honking!

Finally, when a goose gets sick or is wounded by a gunshot and falls out, two geese fall out of the formation and follow the injured one down to help and protect him. They stay with him until he is either able to fly or until he is dead, and then they launch out with another formation to catch up with their group.
When one of us is down, it’s up to the others to stand by us in our time of trouble. If we have the sense of a goose, we will stand by each other when things get rough. We will stay in formation with those headed where we want to go.

The next time you see a formation of geese, remember…

IT IS A REWARD, A CHALLENGE AND A PRIVILEGE to be a contributing member of a TEAM.

三十六计 智谋大全

人 与 动 物 的 重 要 区 别 是 在 于 人 能 运 用 大 脑 进 行 思 维。

智 谋 就 是 一 种 整 体 性 的 辩 认 思 为。智 谋 就 好 比 一 把 无 形 的 刀 子 深 深 的 藏 在 人 的 脑 子 里, 要 使 用 时 这 把 刀 就 会 闪 亮 亮 的 露 出 刀 丰。智 谋 就 是 人 在 特 定 环 境 为 达 到 目地 所 采 取 的 巧 妙 方 略。

能 引 用 智 谋 的 人 不 易 被 人 挤 倒, 肯 动 脑 筋 想 计 的 人 始 终 能 站 立 於 工 作 位 上。人 生 就 是 战 斗, 战 斗 必 有 计 谋。 这 里 有 三 十 六 计 智 谋 大 全 送 你 们 好 好 的 使 用。

(1) 瞒 天 过 海
(2) 围 魏 救 赵
(3) 借 刀 杀 人
(4) 以 逸 待 劳
(5) 趁 火 打 劫
(6) 声 东 击 西
(7) 无 中 生 有
(8) 暗 渡 陈 仓
(9) 隔 岸 观 火
(10) 笑 里 藏 刀
(11) 李 代 桃 僵
(12) 顺 手 牵 羊
(13) 打 草 惊 蛇
(14) 借 尸 还 魂
(15) 调 虎 离 山
(16) 欲 擒 故 纵
(17) 抛 砖 引 玉
(18) 擒 贼 擒 王
(19) 釜 底 抽 薪
(20) 混 水 摸 鱼
(21) 金 蝉 脱 壳
(22) 关 门 捉 贼
(23) 远 交 近 攻
(24) 假 道 伐 号
(25) 偷 梁 换 柱
(26) 指 桑 骂 槐
(27) 假 痴 不 癫
(28) 上 屋 抽 梯
(29) 树 上 开花
(30) 反 客 为 主
(31) 美 人 计
(32) 空 城 计
(33) 反 间 计
(34) 苦 肉 计
(35) 连 环 计
(36) 走 为 上 计

六 六 三 十 六, 数 中 有 术, 术 中 有 数。
阴 阳 变 理, 机 在 其 中,机 不 可 设 , 设 则 不 中。

孙 子 兵 法

孙 子 兵 法 是 智 慧 的 结 晶。它 早 己 突 破 了 “军 事” 的 界 线 而 深 受 各 界 人 士 的 青 睐。希 望 这 里 的 二 十 八 条 兵 法 能 增 添 您 的 才 智。 

(1) 战 事 关 天 , 不 可 不 察
(2) 五 德 皆 备 , 可 为 大 将
(3) 攻 其 无 备 , 出 其 不 意
(4) 未 战 先 算 , 多 算 取 胜
(5) 就 地 取 柴 , 以 战 养 战
(6) 兵 贵 神 速 , 以 快 制 胜
(7) 上 兵 伐 谋 , 兵 不 血 刃
(8) 知 己 知 彼 , 百 战 百 胜
(9) 创 造 条 件 , 以 弱 制 强
(10) 避 实 击 虚 , 以 集 灭 散
(11) 出 奇 制 胜 , 防 不 胜 防
(12) 争 取 主 动 , 避 免 被 动
(13) 随 机 应 变 , 用 兵 如 神
(14) 以 迂 为 直 , 以 退 为 进
(15) 兵 不 厌 诈 , 因 敌 制 胜
(16) 避 其 锐 气 , 击 其 惰 归
(17) 纵 横 捭 阖 , 攻 心 为 上
(18) 以 利 诱 敌 , 太 公 钓 鱼
(19) 防 患 未 然 , 有 备 无 害
(20) 处 变 不 惊 , 从 容 对 敌
(21) 察 微 知 著 , 胸 有 成 竹
(22) 恩 威 并 用 , 刚 柔 相 济
(23) 巧 借 地 形 , 所 向 无 敌
(24) 衢 地 险 关 , 兵 家 必 争
(25) 围 地 则 谋 , 死 地 则 战
(26) 乘 机 而 入 , 以 石 击 卵
(27) 它 石 攻 玉 , 巧 借 东 风
(28) 上 智 为 间 , 谍 战 有 术

Pre-cancelled Stamps

These stamps that have been pre-cancelled by the Singapore Post Office with the date stamp on the day the stamps were issued.

PC Stamps.40

S$3. S$3. 75th Anniversary of Girl Guiding 1985

PC Stamps.34

S$3. Singapore Skyline

PC Stamps.39

S$6. 25 Year of Nation Building

 

 

 

PC Stamps.37

S$4. 30th Anniversary of The Independence of Singapore

PC Stamps.30

S$4. Sports Series Indoor Stadium

PC Stamps.32

S$3. Neighbourhood Watch 1983

PC Stamps.31

S$3. Butterflies issued on 3 March 1982

 

PC Stamps.29

S$4. Architectural Heritage Series Conservation

 

 

 

PC Stamps.33

S$5. Corals & Reef Life

PC Stamps.35

S$2. Singapore-China Joint Issue (City Views)

PC Stamps.36

S$3. Bangkok International Stamp Exhibition 1983

PC Stamps.38

S$3. 25th Anniversary of PUB 1988

PC Stamps.41

S$3. 25th Anniversary of ASEAN 1992

 

PC Stamps.7

S$6. Orchid Series 1991. Issued on 24 April 1991.

PC Stamps.12

S$5. XII South-East Asia Games 1983.

PC Stamps.19

S$3. 10th Anniversary of the Production Movement 1991.

 

PC Stamps.9

S$3. People’s Association 25th Anniversary 1985.

PC Stamps.4

S$3. Art Series by Chen Wen His (High Value)

 

PC Stamps.24

S$4. 20th Anniversary of ASEAN 1987

PC Stamps.5

S$3. 1981 International Year of Disabled Persons

PC Stamps.18

S$5. Technical Training

PC Stamps.25

S$4. 25 Years of Operationally Ready NS 1994

PC Stamps.10

S$4. Commonwealth Day 1983

PC Stamps.3

S$5. Singapore Postage Landmarks 2000

PC Stamps.2

S$3. 15th Asean Ministerial Meeting 1982

PC Stamps.6

S$4. World Communications Year 1983

PC Stamps.11

S$6. Orchid 1995 (High Value)

PC Stamps.13

S$6. 150 Years of Singapore Postage 1990

PC Stamps.8

S$4. 25th Anniversary of PSA 1989

 

PC Stamps.14

S$5. Painting for Commonwealth Day Celebration

PC Stamps.15

S$6.Historial Buildings in Singapore

PC Stamps.16

S$4. Trees of Singapore

PC Stamps.17

S$6. Amphibians & Reptiles 1999

PC Stamps.28

S$3. Sports For All 1981

PC Stamps.22

S$4. Singapore Festival by Children

 

PC Stamps.27

S$3. World Cup Soccer 1982 in Spain

PC Stamps.21

S$5. International Civil Aviation Organisation 1994

PC Stamps.23

S$3. Public Housing Upgrade

PC Stamps.26

S$4. Painting Chinatown in Singapore

  

Currency Notes

Currency Note.21

S$6. Circulated paper currency notes from Singapore

Currency Note.1

S$350. Circulated Ship Series paper currency notes from Singapore.

Currency Note.2

S$20. Old circulated paper currency note from Japan

Currency Note.23

S$20. Old circulated paper currency notes from Taiwan

 

Currency Note.3

S$20. Old circulated paper currency note from Japan

Currency Note.9

$10. Circulated paper currency notes from Macau

 

 

Currency Note.6

S$3. Paper Currency Notes from China

Currency Note.5

S$2. Paper Currency Notes from China

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S$50. Paper Currency Note from Thailand

Currency Note.12

S$20. Old circulated paper currency note from Finland

Currency Note.14

S$20. Old circulated paper currency note from West Germany

Currency Note.13

S$28. Old circulated paper currency note from West Germany

Currency Note.11

S$20. Old Paper Currency Notes from Austria

 

Currency Note.15

S$20. Old Paper Currency Notes from New Zealand

Currency Note.17

S$350. Circulated Currency Notes from Europe

Aus Notes.1A

S$235. Plastic Currency Notes from Australia

Mexico 墨西哥 (Tijuana 蒂华纳)

I could easily walk across the American border to Mexico without encountering any problem. I only stayed in Tijuana for a few hours and getting back to the US is a bit of issue as the queues were extremely long. I have to wait for more than an hour to get to the immigration counter. The American Police were polite but have a firm control of the crowd.                        

The Hash House Harriers

I joined the Italian Hash House Harriers group for a day of memorable walk cum jog and beer drinking event while  I was in Rome. It was interesting to join a  group of people from Italy, Canada, Australia, Finland and US for a jog in the countryside. We had a singing and creative beer drinking session after the jog and end the day in an Italian restaurant eating traditional Italian Pizza.